What Factors Control Carbon Mineralization and Flux in Bog Soils and Ho

I. Presentation: What is a Bog? Bog, from the old Gaelic bogach, is generally used to allude to any stretch of waterlogged, marshy ground. The words, fen, moor, muskeg, peatland, and soil are additionally used to portray these regions, which can prompt some disarray over phrasing. In particular, a marsh is a peat collecting wetland that has no critical inflows or outpourings and supports acidophilic greeneries, especially sphagnum (Gosselink and Mitsch 1993). By far most of swamps are situated in the wet, cool boreal areas of North America and Eurasia. Marshes are likewise called peatlands as a result of the peat they amass, however peatland is a progressively broad term that incorporates minerotrophic and change peatlands. These wetlands likewise collect peat, however they vary geologically and hydrologically from marshes. Genuine marshes (ombrotrophic peatlands) are portrayed by peat layers higher than their environmental factors; they are regularly called raised swamps. They likewise get supplements and minerals only by precipitation, for example they are hydrologically disconnected (Gosselink and Mitsch 1993 p.374). They structure in an assortment of ways, yet once ombrotrophic (downpour fed) peatlands create they are steady under genuinely wide ecological variance (Gosselink and Mitsch 1993 p.372). This conversation will be restricted to the genuine marshes, and they will be alluded to as lowlands or peatlands. II. Peat Soils and Carbon Mineralization Peat is the name for the dirt that structures in swamps and different peatlands. It is a natural soil (Histosol), made as a rule out of in part rotted plant matter. The high level of natural strands in peat makes it a fibrist, which is a Histosol containing short of what 33% rotted natural issue... ... the peat. Journal of Ecology 81 (1993), 615-625. Siegel, D. I. et al. Atmosphere driven flushing of pore water in peatlands Nature 374 (6 April 1995), 531-533. Vocalist, Michael J. what's more, Donald N. Munns. Soils: An Introduction. third ed. New Jersey, Prentice-Hall 1991. Soil Taxonomy USDA Soil Conservation Service Agricultural Handbook No. 436. 1975. T.R. Knowles and R. Moore. The impact of water table levels on methane and carbon dioxide levels from peatland soils. Canadian Journal of Soil Science 69; 1 (1989), 33-38. Woodwell, George M. Biotic inputs from the warming of the earth. Biotic Feedbacks in the Global Climatic System. New York, Oxford University Press 1995, p3-19. Yavitt, Joseph B. et al. Control of carbon mineralization to CH4 and CO2 in anaerobic, Sphagnum-got peat from Big Run Bog. Biogeochemistry 4; 2 (1987), 141-157.

African American History And Culture Essay Example For Students

African American History And Culture Essay Only a couple of months prior, the National Museum of African American History and Culture made its ways for people in general showing assortments going back to the 1800s. This was an earth shattering advance for dark Americans in uncovering the pieces of American history that are kept separate from course readings. While this is an extraordinary occasion ever, one can see from the assortments of the display that the gauges of white society, during the 1920s, put on dark people are as yet common in present day culture. Inside the assortment there are two coin banks etched into the type of a dark â€Å"Mammy,† who is portrayed as a servant and guardian. Dark ladies after the annulment of subjection were marked as either, a jezebel or a mammy. Subsequent to being liberated from one kind of oppression, they were shackled to the generalizations made and implemented by white America. These marks for African American ladies keep on prospering in advanced America, winning Du Boisâ₠¬â„¢ idea of twofold cognizance, which grandstands the dark, female community’s battle with knowing their actual personality. The perspective on dark ladies as â€Å"Mammies† is suffering in the current age in light of the fact that the maple syrup organization, Aunt Jemima, keeps on utilizing the cliché dark â€Å"Mammy† as the substance of their organization. Dark women’s personalities keep on being characterized by the standards of over a wide span of time white American culture. Also, in the historical center they have an image of a dark ladies as a men's club strip artist. Since white guys not, at this point had simple access to assault dark ladies after subjection, they named dark ladies as jezebels to damage their picture rather than their own. The excessively sexualized picture of dark ladies has been everlasting in current society through creation them over use sex claim inside music recordings and media. Consequently, from the different assortments at the Museum of African American History, one can value that the idea of twofold awareness turns out to be progressively pervasi ve in demonstrating the dark individual’s battle of personality. A critical bit of work that enormously influences dark women’s battle of character is Harris-Perry’s, Sister Citizen. Inside the book, she conceptualizes that dark ladies are misrecognized while they try to remain upstanding in a â€Å"crooked room† encompassed by generalizations. Harris-Perry’s thought that â€Å"black ladies tilt and twist themselves to fit the distortion† of the â€Å"crooked room† incredibly thinks about to W.E.B. Du Bois’ ideas of twofold cognizance and the shroud. Harris-Perry utilizes a large number of strategies from insights to individual encounters to different instances of American writing inside her book. The utilization of such methods shows that the measures of white America influence the examples where dark ladies are distinguished by society just as the occurrences in which they recognize themselves. This further features dark women’s battle of personality that is propagated by the standards of p resent day America. Along these lines, â€Å"by examining the lives of dark women† Harris-Perry grandstands the trouble of a dark lady to shake off generalizations and discover her personality. Additionally, Du Bois’ thought of the shroud exhibits white America’s restriction to acknowledge the dark network as equivalent American residents or individuals just as the dark community’s protection from deconstruct the desires and models of white American culture. At a youthful age, Du Bois understood that he was viewed as â€Å"a problem† according to the white network in light of the fact that the shade of his skin was not the same as what white individuals considered to be worthy. He attempted to comprehend why God made him â€Å"an pariah and an outsider in own house.† In progression, Du Bois confronted dismissal of uniformity from a white individual while simultaneously scrutinizing his self-esteem as indicated by the gauges of white America. .u87490ab87f96c10b44b13c94ab60e11c , .u87490ab87f96c10b44b13c94ab60e11c .postImageUrl , .u87490ab87f96c10b44b13c94ab60e11c .focused content zone { min-tallness: 80px; position: relative; } .u87490ab87f96c10b44b13c94ab60e11c , .u87490ab87f96c10b44b13c94ab60e11c:hover , .u87490ab87f96c10b44b13c94ab60e11c:visited , .u87490ab87f96c10b44b13c94ab60e11c:active { border:0!important; } .u87490ab87f96c10b44b13c94ab60e11c .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .u87490ab87f96c10b44b13c94ab60e11c { show: square; change: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-progress: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; haziness: 1; change: darkness 250ms; webkit-progress: obscurity 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .u87490ab87f96c10b44b13c94ab60e11c:active , .u87490ab87f96c10b44b13c94ab60e11c:hover { mistiness: 1; progress: murkiness 250ms; webkit-change: murkiness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .u87490ab87f96c10b44b13c94ab60e11c .focused content territory { width: 100%; position: relat ive; } .u87490ab87f96c10b44b13c94ab60e11c .ctaText { outskirt base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: intense; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; text-enrichment: underline; } .u87490ab87f96c10b44b13c94ab60e11c .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; text style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .u87490ab87f96c10b44b13c94ab60e11c .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; fringe: none; outskirt sweep: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; text style weight: striking; line-stature: 26px; moz-fringe range: 3px; text-adjust: focus; text-design: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-tallness: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/straightforward arrow.png)no-rehash; position: total; right: 0; top: 0; } .u87490ab87f96c10b44b13c94ab60e11c:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .u87490ab87f96c10b44b13c9 4ab60e11c .focused content { show: table; tallness: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .u87490ab87f96c10b44b13c94ab60e11c-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .u87490ab87f96c10b44b13c94ab60e11c:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: African American History During The Antebellum Period EssayFurthermore, Du Bois’ thought of the cover can be contrasted with Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie’s powerful bit of writing, Americanah. All through her novel, she enormously prevails with regards to exhibiting the dark individual’s battle with character and society’s propagation of this battle through the event of prejudice. Through the fundamental character Ifemelu’s life as a Nigerian lady who moves to America and afterward at last returns following thirteen years to Nigeria, one can see her inner battle of having a place and distance. Prior to her excursion inside the United States, Ifemelu has no information in regards to the idea of race. While those of lighter skin in Nigeria were dealt with marginally better, there was no genuine differentiation between races. So also, dark ladies didn't battle with character before bondage delivered the generalizations of African American ladies. Ifemelu â€Å"did not consider as dark, possibly became dark when came to America.† Consequently, this will consistently be the first differentiation white America will make in quite a while to Ifemelu. Neither her insight, nor her character, nor her qualities will be the assurance of who Ifemelu is as an individual, however the shade of her skin will enduringly be the appointed authority of that. Ifemelu’s dark character in the United States is an immediate outcome of the conspicuous and slippery generalizing she encounters on account of white people. Ifemelu is continually being decided for the sole explanation that she is dark. In this way, neither her knowledge nor her ethical character will ever have any kind of effect to white people as long as the shade of her skin remains a darker shade than that of their own. In spite of the fact that â€Å"race matter in light of racism,† bigotry isn't only a paired idea; it isn't only a reorder theme. Or maybe, it is a diverse, multifaceted issue that keeps on influencing the dark women’s battle with personality every day. The repetitive depiction of Ifemelu as dark further exhibits how prejudice sabotages the certainty she has in herself. She is an especially resilient lady who knows her self-esteem and magnificence. From this time forward, through the regular nuances related with demonstrations of bigotry, Adichie features its enduring impacts inside Ifemelu’s inner clashes of self-question. By and by, the battle of personality in Americanah is much the same as Du Bois’ idea, where the African American people group changes their outward appearance and practices to adjust to the gauges of white Americans.

Overview of Banking Sector Inthailand Essay Example

Outline of Banking Sector Inthailand Essay The University of Hong Kong School of Economics and Finance FINA0501 Asian Financial Institutions Term Paper Overview of Thailand’s Financial Institutions (Banking Sector) Submitted by Lo Ka Yiu, Timothy BBA(Law) II U. No. : 2003506031 Overview of Thailand’s Financial Institutions (Banking Sector) Submitted by Lo Ka Yiu (2003506031) Introduction With the brilliant history of accomplishing a normal GDP development of 11. 5% from 1987 to 1996, Thailand was acclaimed as one of Asia’s Tigers during the 1990s (Deepak, 1997). Be that as it may, amusingly, this is a similar nation which endured a sharp deterioration of its money, shower, and the following monetary downturn in the 1997 Asian Financial Crisis. Poor management over money related establishments, particularly business banks, has been by and large viewed as a key purpose behind Thai economy’s fast breakdown (Vatikiotis, 1998). In this manner, Thailand’s budgetary organizations, which have been to a great extent rebuilt by the specialists after the emergency, are a subject of significant worth. This paper will take a review of Thai monetary organizations, with an attention on the financial part. Authentic Background Thai financial framework goes back to 1888 when the Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation built up its branches there. Thusly, the Chartered Bank in 1894, and a French bank called Banque de I’ Indochine in 1897 likewise settled branches in Thailand. These banks share a similar motivation behind encouraging exchanging between their nations of origin and Thailand (Blanchard, 1958). Chinese individuals of Thai nationality started the household banking industry in Thailand during the mid 1900s. They saw opportunity in Thai financial industry in view of the absence of law administering it. We will compose a custom exposition test on Overview of Banking Sector Inthailand explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom article test on Overview of Banking Sector Inthailand explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom article test on Overview of Banking Sector Inthailand explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer Albeit gigantic theoretical weights brought about the disappointment of these early banks, new banks framed and adjusted to dodge the error made by past endeavors (Blanchard, 1958). Previously, Thai banking and money related frameworks were generally constrained by a restricted world class gathering of business from around ten families (Traisoral, 2000). Generally structure of the Thai Financial Institutions The present financial framework in Thailand comprises of the accompanying parts: a. A national bank, in particular the Bank of Thailand (BOT) b. 12 residential and 18 remote business banks . 27 worldwide financial offices (IBF) d. 4 specific banks, to be specific the Government Saving Bank (GSB), the Bank of Agriculture and Agricultural Cooperatives (BAAC), the Government Housing Bank (GSB) and the Export-Import Bank of Thailand (EXIM Bank) Note that there is a cover between the business banks and IBFs. Among the 27 IBF licenses, 8 are at present held by local business banks, 15 by outside business banks. Other money related foundations incorporate credit foncier organizations, monetary organizations and protections organizations (Bank of Thailand, 2005). Fundamental to the monetary emergency during 1997 are the national bank and business banks. We will presently investigate these money related organizations in an increasingly explicit manner. Banking Sector 1. The Central Bank Thai National Banking Bureau, built up in 1939, was the principal association accepting the obligations of a national bank in Thailand. It was a division connected to the Ministry of Finance. During the Second World War, the Thai government saw the achievement that different nations were encountering from a solid focal financial framework. Thus, the Bureau was transformed into a national bank, I. . the Bank of Thailand, with the death of the Bank of Thailand Act in 1942. The Bank of Thailand has been given numerous obligations, including the accompanying: I) Formulate and prescribe money related approach to the Thai Government ii) Provide banking administrations to the administration, state undertakings, and budgetary establishments, iii) Oversee monetary organizations and their help of financial turn of events, iv) Supervise and build up the monetary frameworks, v) Promote the monetary areas with need, vi) Print and issue certified receipts, vii) Manage Thailand’s global stores, iii) Represent Thailand during universal gatherings and keep great relations with other national banks, ix) Provide and disperse data on the financial state of Thailand both inside the nation and abroad, x) Act as the loan specialist after all other options have run out to different banks Nevertheless, the Bank despite everything has a few confinements in powers. It isn't answerable for the advancement of a capital market, and it has little power over momentary credit (Blanchard, 1958). Both on location and off-site techniques are embraced by the Bank of Thailand to administer money related foundations in Thailand. On location strategies are unannounced physical investigations directed in any event once every year for every Thai enrolled business bank. Off-site techniques require every single money related organization to submit week by week, month to month, or yearly reports over each zone of tasks (Supervision Group Policy, Bank of Thailand, 2002). At present, the Bank of Thailand has 4 provincial branches, which perform focal financial exercises in there region. The North Eastern Region Office is situated in Khon Kaen, the Southern Region Office is situated in Songkhla, while the Northern Region Offices are situated in Chiang Mai and Lampang (Sunsite Thailand, 2005). 2. Business Banks Commercial banks overwhelm Thailand’s budgetary area by holding 73% of both family reserve funds and credits reached out by all monetary foundation (Elgar, 2003). Every business bank are built up under the Commercial Banking Act and need the approval from the Ministry of Finance. They are observed by the Bank of Thailand and limited by various guidelines. For example, they should meet least capital necessities so as to be consolidated. They should move at any rate 15% of their benefits into stores, and profits are constrained to 15% of stores until the measure of stores surpasses 60% of their paid-in capital. They should likewise keep up a capital ampleness of roughly 10% to the two layered capital standard set by the Basle Committee in the 1988 Capital Accord (Traisorat, 2000). The significant business zones of business banks incorporate requiring some serious energy, sparing and current stores, giving authentications of store, making sure about local and outside credit, loaning, purchasing and selling of remote trades, just as exchanging bills of trade and tradable money related protections. Business banks regularly give credit as overdrafts which are on a transient premise yet might be turned over on a year-to-year premise. Because of variances in financing costs both in the universal and local markets, business banks at present urge clients to use term advances rather than overdrafts. As of late, some business banks have been permitted to apply for extra licenses from the Bank of Thailand to grow their extent of business into various new regions, for example, data and consultancy administrations, endorsing deals of government and state undertaking protections, just as going about as obligation assortment operators (Haron and Yamirudeng). 3. Particular Banks While all the 4 specific banks are possessed by the Thai Government and under the oversight of the Ministry of Finance, every one of them has its own situation in the Thai monetary industry. The Government Saving Bank (GSB) was built up in 1913 with the point of instructing court authorities on banking administrations, and empowering the propensity for sparing among the Thai, particularly the low and center pay gatherings. It has a broad system of branches and portable units to acknowledge stores everywhere throughout the nation. Aside from investment funds administration, it is additionally offering different types of assistance for the open area, overall population and business segment. The Bank for Agriculture and Agricultural Cooperatives (BAAC) was built up in 1966 to give credit to the horticultural segment, with the point of advancing a superior standard of life for Thailand’s cultivating populace. These days, it has continuously changed from a specific horticultural loaning foundation to a differentiated rustic bank which gives various types of budgetary administrations. The Government Housing Bank (GHB) was set up in 1953 to give contract credits at a low loan cost so as to help low and center pay bunches in buying houses. It spends significant time in giving long haul contract advances to singular borrowers, development credits for private designers for land and lodging improvement activities, and development advances for land proprietors who need to create rental lofts. The Export-Import Bank of Thailand (EXIM Bank) was built up in 1993 to offer help for global exchanging and remote speculations, so as to help the development of Thai exporters and financial specialists. It rehearses in various regions, for example, offering direct credits and ensures advances, protecting fares and offering budgetary types of assistance. Furthermore, it additionally gives counsel to Thai exporters and speculators. Other Financial Institutions Besides banks, fund organizations and protections organizations likewise assume a significant job in Thailand’s monetary segment. Previously, it was typical that an organization got two licenses, one for money business and one for protections business. Such an organization was known as a â€Å"financial and protections company†, and it could work in the two fields. In 1992, the Bank of Thailand isolated these two rehearsing zones. As of now, account organizations are go-betweens in the currency advertise, and controlled by the Bank of Thailand; while protections

African Americans and Freedom essays

African Americans and Freedom papers In 1865, after the Civil War, the United States turned into a unified and amazing country with a solid national government. Andrew Johnson set arrangements which were diverse for high contrast individuals. As per Walter L. Fleming in The Mississippi Black Code, laws were passed after the Civil Warâ that radically constrained common rightsâ and the libertiesâ of dark individuals. At the outset, freedmen and dark individuals confronted separation, savagery, and isolation, yet dark pioneers kept working industriously and with the progression of time, uniformity took structure. Dark Code is utilized to allude to enactment which was passed by Southern states toward the finish of the Civil War to control the work and development of slaves. During 1865, each Southern state passed Black Codes that limited theâ freedman. These codes gave African Americans certain rights, for example, authorized marriage, responsibility for and constrained access to the courts, however denied them the rights to affirm against whites, to serve on juries or in state civilian armies, or to cast a ballot and express lawful concern freely. This record was composed by Fleming during 1906 1907. The writer composed this article to clarify the historical backdrop of dark individuals and about their difficulties they had looked during the reproduction time frame. At the point when white individuals make their administration, they made their own standards. As per Vagrant Law in sec 2, territory of Mississippi required every single dark individual to sign yearly work contract yet not whit e residents. The explanation was that white individuals needed to hold dark individuals under their controls. They need to keep every dark individuals as slave. That is the reason dark individuals used to get low wages and they couldn't leave the activity in such a case that they did, they would have been captured and got fined, which was in excess of 10 dollars and under 100 dollars. Besides, they were confronting segregation for everything. Freedmen and dark individuals were not permitted to wed white young ladies. In the event that ... <! African Americans and Freedom expositions After the common war, there were numerous issues left to be settled. A large number of land and numerous transportation implies were demolished, a large number of troopers reduced, the Southern economy was destroyed, and liberated blacks who have no clue how to manage their opportunity were the outcomes just as the issues left from the war. Recreation was the appropriate response yet despite the fact that it began directly before all else, it positively didn't last nor was effective. Traversing from1865 to 1877, the endeavors of reproduction bombed financially and socially. The issues of the after war South were far reaching and extreme. Open structures, private homes, and ranch structures had been singed, railroad tracks evacuated, cotton gins destroyed, and the earth burned in numerous segments of the vanquished land. Maybe the most significant aftereffect of the Civil War was the liberation of about 4 million Southern slaves. The unexpected arrival of such a large number of indivi duals would have been a gigantic issue even in an environment liberated from the sharpness. The inquiry was how might anybody excel in that society? The previous slaves were conveyed into a world which they had no clue about. They had no fundamental aptitudes or preparing. Such a significant number of them did what they thought was ideal and remained on the manor, a spot which they knew best. One previous slaves reflects back to the experience he had in saying, Freedom wasnt the same I is aware of. I works for Marse John simply the equivalent for quite a while. He says one morning, John, you can go out in the field iffen you needs to or you can get out iffen you needs to, cause the administration says you is free. On the off chance that you needs to work Ill take care of you and give you garments however cant pay you no cash. I aint got none. Humph, I didnt know nothing what cash was,nohow, I realizes Ill git bounty victuals to eat, so I remains. Numerous slaves stayed on the ground s that they didn't know about some other option. Another difficult w... <!

The Poetry of Robert Hayden Essay -- Poetry Analysis

In spite of the fact that most of Robert Hayden's works address racial subjects and delineates occasions in African-American history, he additionally composed short sonnets that catch his very own encounters. Hayden has a colossal measure of incredible sonnets and short stories, however as I read through a considerable lot of them, I was moved by two explicit sonnets that I believed I could actually identify with. I picked these sonnets since I am ready to place myself into the story-line and comprehend what the essayist is discussing. I accept that a decent author can arrive at any peruser paying little heed to race, sexual orientation, or age. Hayden had a mind boggling aptitude with his language and the structures of his sonnets that could nearly pull the peruser directly out of their seat and spot them in the focal point of his works. Robert Hayden was conceived Asa Bundy Sheffey on August 4, 1913 in Detroit, Michigan. His mom left him being taken care of by his neighbors, William and Sue Ellen Hayden, when he was only eighteen months old while she left for New York. The Haydens never legitimately received Robert yet they rechristened him as Robert Hayden and dealt with him as though he had been their own youngster. Hayden went to Detroit City College and Michigan University. During his time at Michigan, Hayden had the option to proceed with his long lasting enthusiasm for composing and acting. The most significant piece of this time was that he had the chance to concentrate with W.H. Auden. Auden at the time was a meeting educator who invested energy perusing a portion of Hayden's works and giving him recommendations and significant reactions. Hayden credited Auden for helping him build up his very own style recorded as a hard copy. After he graduated in 1944 he began his vocation as an educator of writing, and Frisk University and afterward at t... ...d the exploration on this paper it nearly made me loathe verse more than I previously had. I feel that sonnets mean something other than what's expected to every individual. No two individuals will ever feel precisely the same path about a specific sonnet. At the point when I read the reactions I couldn't help contradicting basically each and every one. I don't have the foggiest idea why one people's assessment of a sonnet is imperative to the point that it is distributed. It causes perusing verse to appear to be increasingly similar to a task and makes it difficult for me to appreciate. In the event that I read verse this is on the grounds that it has contacted me somehow. To have someone separate it uniquely in contrast to I would have changes the significance of it for me. Everyone is qualified for have their own sentiment however except if it is the really author of the sonnet clarifying how he felt as he composed this, no else will ever know without a doubt what he was thinki ng. The delight originates from opening your psyche and losing yourself.

How Anxiety and Panic Attacks Differ

How Anxiety and Panic Attacks Differ Panic Disorder Symptoms Print Anxiety Attacks vs. Panic Attacks Differences include intensity and how long the attack lasts By Sheryl Ankrom linkedin Sheryl Ankrom is a clinical professional counselor and nationally certified clinical mental health counselor specializing in anxiety disorders. Learn about our editorial policy Sheryl Ankrom Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on April 10, 2017 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on June 24, 2019 More in Panic Disorder Symptoms Diagnosis Treatment Coping Related Conditions In This Article Table of Contents Expand Clinical Differences Panic Attack Anxiety Treatment View All Back To Top You might hear the terms anxiety attack  and panic attack used interchangeably  as if they mean the same thing. In fact, panic and anxiety have different features, and behavioral health professionals use the terms for specific symptoms and disorders. Panic attacks are often associated with sudden fear and anxiety with high-stress levels or excessive worrying.?? Some of the symptoms are similar, including a rapid heartbeat, shortness of breath, and dizziness. Each also has other symptoms that are unique.   Everyone can experience panic attacks and anxiety, they are part of the emotional and protective responses hardwired into the human body. Its when either occurs frequently that there is cause for concern. No matter which you experience, its important to understand their definitions, symptoms, and treatments. Illustration by Joshua Seong. © Verywell, 2018.   Clinical Differences Professionals who treat mental health conditions base a diagnosis on definitions found in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition, known as the  DSM-5. Though anxiety and panic attacks may feel the same at times, the subtle differences outlined in this handbook help identify each. The DSM-5  uses the term panic attack to describe the hallmark features associated with the condition known as  panic disorder. However, panic attacks may occur in other psychiatric disorders and it is possible to have a panic attack if you have no disorder.?? The term “anxiety attack” is not defined in the DSM-5. Rather, anxiety is used to describe a core feature of several illnesses identified under the headings of  anxiety disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorders, and trauma- and stressor-related disorders.?? Some of the most common disorders under these three headings include: Panic  disorderAgoraphobia without history of panic disorderSpecific phobiaSocial anxiety disorderSeparation anxiety disorderObsessive-compulsive disorder  (OCD)Post-traumatic stress disorder  (PTSD)Generalized anxiety disorder  (GAD) The differences between panic and anxiety are best described in terms of the intensity of the symptoms and length of time the main symptoms occur. The in-depth definitions in the DSM-5 guide your health provider to make a diagnosis and classify your condition. Panic Attack A panic attack is an intense and sudden feeling of fear, terror, nervousness, or apprehension. The symptoms  are often so extreme that they cause a severe disruption in your day.?? Panic attacks  usually occur out of the blue without an obvious, immediate trigger. In some cases, they are expected because the fear is caused by a known stressor, such as a phobia. Panic attack symptoms peak within 10 minutes and then subside. However, some attacks may last longer or may occur in succession, making it difficult to determine when one attack ends and another begins. Following an attack, it is not unusual to feel stressed, worried, out-of-sorts, or keyed up for the remainder of the day. According to the DSM-5, a panic attack is characterized by four or more of the following symptoms???: Mental Feelings of unreality (derealization) Feeling detached from oneself (depersonalization) Fear of losing control or going crazy Fear of dying Physical Heart palpitations, pounding heart, or accelerated heart rate Excessive sweating Trembling or shaking Sensations of shortness of breath, difficulty breathing Feeling of choking Chest pain Nausea or abdominal distress Feeling dizzy, unsteady, lightheaded, or faint Numbness or tingling sensations (paresthesias) Chills Hot flashes Anxiety In contrast, anxiety generally intensifies over a period of time and is highly correlated with excessive worry about some potential dangerâ€"whether real or perceived.?? If the anticipation of something builds up and the high amount of stress reaches a level where it becomes overwhelming, it may feel like an attack. The symptoms of anxiety may include: Mental Difficulty concentrating Irritability Restlessness Physical Fatigue Muscle Tension Disturbed sleep Increased startle response Increased heart rate Dizziness While some of the symptoms of anxiety are similar to those associated with panic attacks, they are generally less intense. Unlike a panic attack, the symptoms of anxiety may be persistent and very long-lastingâ€"days, weeks, or even months. Treatment Whether you’re dealing with panic, persistent anxiety, or both, effective treatment is available. Some of the most common treatment options include therapy, prescription medications, and self-help strategies.?? You may decide to try one or any combination of these methods. Therapy can help you develop ways to manage your symptoms, work through past pain, determine your path for the future, and gain a clearer perspective that will allow for a more positive outlook.Medications can assist you in reducing the most severe symptoms. They may only be needed for a short period of time to control symptoms while you work on the other strategies.Self-help techniques, such as breathing exercises and desensitization, can be beneficial in allowing you to work through symptom management at your own pace. The Best Online Anxiety Therapy A Word From Verywell Anxiety and panic attacks can disrupt your everyday life. Whether you experience them or you want to understand what a friend or loved one goes through, know that help is available. Talking to your doctor about your symptoms and how often they occur is the first step to finding relief. What Are The Physical Symptoms of Panic and Anxiety Disorders?

Contents Finance For Managers Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Finance is very significant for business organisation. Finance comprises planning of financial resources, making of most favourable capital structure and effective consumption of financial capital by  deep analysis of  cost of capital and  capital budgeting  instruments. It is very advance knowledge. Like other technology, it can also enhance the efficiency of business, so effectual utilisation with sensible care is very necessary in Finance. Without this Finance can become hazardous for company. Suppose, if company attains large amount through its network resource but company has not made high-quality financial planning regarding its effectual consumption, then Company can reach at the stage of liquidation, because if Company has not high-quality plan for investment, it will not be able to provide good return to its creditor and investor, after this  creditors  of Company can put it in danger after demanding their finance. So, study of finance and its tool is very significant. The Institute of Certified Management Accountants (ICMA), states A management accountant pertains his or her professional knowledge and ability in the preparation and management of financial and other decision oriented information in such a manner as to assist management in the making of policies and in the development and control of the operation of the responsibility. Management Accountants therefore are viewed as the value-creators between the accountants. They are much more involved in forward looking and taking decisions that will influence the future of the business, than in the historical recording and fulfilment (store keeping) aspects of the profession. (ICMA) For the analysis of various operations within the organisation, different evaluation techniques can be used. The selection of suitable analytical techniques is central in designing effective strategy that will guide to clear insights and proposals that will have an impact on the business. The appropriateness of each type of analysis to a particular study plan is determined by precise objectives and business need. Different techniques comprise perceptual mapping, correspondence mapping, discriminate mapping, conjoint analysis/ choice modelling, unmet needs/ gap analysis, Kano analysis, maximum difference scaling, turf/ coverage analysis/ line optimization, cluster analysis (k-means, latent class, etc), latent class modelling, discriminate analysis and SWOT analysis etc. For this assignment paper, I have selected Coca-Cola Co. (Coke). Coca-Cola is a beverage manufacturing company and has grown many well known brands such as Sprite and Dr. Pepper etc organically or through acquisitions and mergers. Question 1 Sources of Finance Sources of finance are the essential part of an entity as they are obligatory for the operations and growth of the company. A corporation can raise finance through internal or external sources. In this particular assignment I have to discuss the long term source of finance for Coke. The statement of financial position extracts of company for the financial year 2011 are as follow. Disclosures show that these non-current liabilities consist of bank loans and capital leases. Bank Loans A Bank Loan is a sum of money borrowed from the bank and then need to be repaid with interest on or before a set date. Bank loans are engaged out for a fixed period, banks would want some form of safety to certify that the bank loan is rewarded back including interest along with it. A bank loan is usually engaged out for a purpose e.g. borrowing money to commence a new business, providing new apparatus for their company, buying stocks, buying new goods to sell in your company, even buying shares or using the money to spend in the business. This is related to mortgage because with a bank loan you also need to pay back the money together with interest.   Many trade owners who need financial assistance in their business will go to the bank promptly to take out a loan, but most companies that become unsuccessful or insolvent will find it difficult to pay the money back to the bank which had been borrowed and will then be in debt. If the business is then in liability they will have to discover a way to pay back the bank, if they are not capable to pay the debt they will then have to speak to the bank to ask for them to permit the business more time to pay back the money along with the interest. Also with the bank loan many companies will continue trading more equipment or purchase more supplies in order to keep the business running because from time to time a business is made triumphant because of the quantity and quality of the product or equipments required. Advantages The Advantages of this financial technique are that there are wide varieties of conducts to spend the money protected from a bank loan. A bank loan can be available quickly. As soon as the bank loan is secured, the skilled borrower can then complete a bank loan contract. A bank loan can be used in a number of ways; this money can be used for large items such as cars or any other sort of vehicle, furniture, investment etc. A bank loan can offer much needed funds for a borrower. These advantages take a big outcome from the loan. Disadvantages The Disadvantage is that when people use too much money, they get spellbound by their debt. Some loans contain a down payment fine, which restricts the borrower from paying the money off before without incurring additional cost. There are a number of restrictions on the contract e.g. there might me circumstances on the way the money is used. Also one of the difficulties is that there might be a permanent date on which the loan has to be repaid. Borrowing too much money can lead to a bungled cash flow and also payments can even go beyond income in some matters of cases, this is why many loan payments are restricted to a certain percentage of a borrowers income. And another drawback is that you have to return 100% of the money borrowed plus an interest rate. The interest rate depends on how long you need to pay the money back; the longer you take, the higher the interest rate. Leases A lease is an agreement between two parties- one is lessor other is lessee. The lessor owns a capital asset, but allows the lessee to use it. The lessee makes payments under the terms of the lease to the lesser, for a specific period of time. Leasing is, therefore, a form of rental. Leased assets have usually been plant and machinery, cars and commercial vehicles, but might also be computers and office equipments. The business pays a regular amount for a period of time, but the item belongs to the leasing company. Most owners cars are leased to business. The business pays the monthly fees for using the car. According to Geoff Black (2005) (Pg-136), A finance lease means by which companies obtain the right to use assets over a period time. The ownership of asset never passes to the actual users of the assets. Advantages It offers fixed rate financing; you pay at the same rate monthly. Leasing is inflation friendly. As the costs go up over five years, you still pay the same rate as when you began the lease, therefore making your dollar stretch farther. (In addition, the lease is not connected to the success of the business. Therefore, no matter how well the business does, the lease rate never changes.) There is less upfront cash outlay; you do not need to make large cash payments for the purchase of needed equipment. Leasing better utilizes equipment; you lease and pay for equipment only for the time you need it. There is typically an option to buy equipment at end of lease term. You can keep upgrading; as new equipment becomes available you can upgrade to the latest models each time your lease ends. Typically, it is easier to obtain lease financing than  loans  from commercial lenders. Disadvantages Leasing is a preferred means of financing for certain businesses. However it is not for everyone. The type of industry and type of equipment required also need to be considered. Tax implications also need to be compared between leasing and purchasing equipment. You have an obligation to  continue  making payments. Typically, leases may not be terminated before the original term is completed. Therefore, the renter is responsible for paying off the lease. This can pose a major financial problem for the owners of a business experiences a downturn. You have no equity until you decide to purchase the equipment at the end of the lease term, at which point the equipment has depreciated significantly. Although you are not the owner, you are still responsible for maintaining the equipment as specified by the terms of the lease. Failure to do so can prove costly. Ratio Analysis Following are some of the relevant ratios regarding the long term financing of the company Debt to equity 0.90 Debt to capital 0.47 Interest coverage 28.43 The above ratios show that the company is having a very balanced debt to equity ratio which means that currently it is not overly geared. Debt to capital shows the overall coverage of the debt in the company by its Capital. Lastly the interest cover is very large. It means that profit after tax for the company is more than sufficient to pay all the interest charges. There is also an indication that company has a great capability to raise finance through debt. Changes in policy In the past, company was reluctant in using the operating income as the sources of finance as means for investment. This eventually leads to less payment of dividends. Hence the corporate management of the company realised that there are some small shareholders in the company that only want is adequate return and also it is abiding by the corporate governance principles that the company must treat all the shareholders equally so in order to give dividends, company made a policy to use leases and loans from banks as long term sources of financing in case of some adjustment. This lead to satisfactory result as the company is not having any threat of liquidity and it can also easily all the payments and interest charges as the fall due. From Past five years, company has not issued any shares and it is also an indication that company is definitely not having any financial difficulties and if by chance the fall due, gearing of company allows it to raise finance through debt or credit fina ncing. Recommendations At present Coke is a bit reluctant towards the use of debt as the source of it long term financing as company is not having any liquidity issues to pay its suppliers or tax authorities. As the Debt to capital ratio is very low so the company should take use of its superb liquidity position and credit history and make use of borrowings from banks to increase the portfolio of its products. This will lead to an increase in the gearing ratio and decrease in the interest cover ratio but it is acceptable. Another policy that company can undertake is to repurchase its shares in order to improve its EPS by using the long term financing and hence can achieve a best mix of capital and loan quantities in the company. Question 2 Role of Management Accountant Horngren, Sundem and Stratton (2002) state that budgeted goals and performanace are generally a better basis for judging actual results than is past performance (Horngren, Sundem, Stratton, 2002) Management accounting or managerial accounting is concerned with the provisions and use of accounting information to managers within organizations, to provide them with the basis to make informed business decisions that will allow them to be better equipped in their management and control functions. In contrast to financial accountancy information, management accounting information is designed and intended for use by managers within the organization, whereas financial accounting information is designed for use by shareholders and creditors. Usually confidential and used by management, instead of publicly reported; forward-looking, instead of historical; Computed by reference to the needs of managers, often using management information systems, instead of by reference to financial accounting standards. This is because of the different emphasis: management accounting information is used within an organization, typically for decision-making. Ideal Role of Management Accountant The role of the management accountant is to perform a series of tasks to ensure their companys financial security, handling essentially all financial matters and thus helping to drive the businesss overall management and strategy. Management accountants are key figures in determining the status and success of a company. Some choose to become a Certified Management Accountant (CMA), a similar credential to  CPA, but with a greater focus on cost accounting, financial planning, and management issues. Job responsibilities can range widely. Depending on the company, your level of experience, the time of year and the type of industry, you could find yourself doing any of the following tasks: Budgeting Handling taxes Managing assets to helping determine compensation and benefits packages Aiding in strategic planning Management accountants are responsible for all or part of a companys financial status, actions and transactions. They coordinate accounting operations, hire, and train and oversee staff. It lies also within the responsibilities of management account to maintain budget and perform financial analysis. Management accounts tend to strengthen the corporate position of the company by build business strategy and improve its image by managing relationships with investors and auditors of the entity. (International, 2012) Consistent with other roles in todays corporation, management accountants have a dual reporting relationship. As a strategic partner and provider of decision based financial and operational information, management accountants are responsible for managing the business team and at the same time having to report relationships and responsibilities to the corporations finance organization. The activities management accountants provide inclusive of forecasting and planning, performing variance analysis, reviewing and monitoring costs inherent in the business are ones that have dual accountability to both finance and the business team. Examples of tasks where accountability may be more meaningful to the business management team vs. the corporate finance department are the development of new product costing,  operations research, business driver metrics, sales management score carding, and client profitability analysis. Conversely, the preparation of certain financial reports, reconciliations of the financial data to source systems, risk and regulatory reporting will be more useful to the corporate finance team as they are charged with aggregating certain financial information from all segments of the corporation. In corporations that derive much of their profits from the information economy, such as banks, publishing houses, telecommunications companies and defence contractors, IT costs are a significant source of uncontrollable spending, which in size is often the greatest corporate cost after total compensation costs and property related costs. A function of management accounting in such organizations is to work closely with the IT department to provide  IT cost transparency. Management is responsible for the preparation and fair presentation of the financial statements included in this annual report. The financial statements have to be prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles and reflect managements judgments and estimates concerning effects of events and transactions that are accounted for or disclosed. Given the above, one widely held view of the progression of the accounting and finance career path is that financial accounting is a stepping stone to management accounting. Consistent with the notion of value creation, management accountants help drive the success of the business while strict financial accounting is more of a compliance and historical endeavour. Coca-Cola In Coke, management accountant tends to cover a wide and vital corporate role. It is by far key executive position within the company as every kind of reporting and compliance responsibility related to the company is the responsibility of management accountant. From vast description of tasks done by the management accountant within coke, a few of them are listed as follows. Providing Operation Management Reporting on monthly basis cooperation with related Department (TOL, SM, HR and Finance) to be distributed among CCBI Senior Management and CCA Senior Management Prepare debtors and aging report which provide detail Account Receivable collections by Modern and Traditional channel which will be used on FYR forecast Providing comprehensive financial performance analysis that relates to some specific areas such product costing, pricing strategy analysis, net contribution analysis Providing in-depth analysis of financial statement that includes Profit Loss, Balance Sheet and  Cash flow statements and identifying any key financial issues to be underlined Provide Financial Statement for AIST stakeholder meeting Prepare and submit Stock Movement Inventory to Sydney on quarterly basis Responsible for providing financial information requested by other functions Supporting the Annual  Business Plan  and Full Year Review processes especially in product costing system Management accountant is the head of finance department in the company. The finance department of the Coca Cola Company is responsible for  financial record keeping. This involves keeping records of money  received and paid out. The financial records will be used to produce  the annual reports for the shareholders so that they can see the  company performance. The Finance department is also responsible for  the management accounts of the business like marketing etc. The  Coca-Cola Company finance department is also responsible for making  budget of the company and for each department like marketing   department or research and development department. They will also be  involved in the planning process like taking over or any major  decision. Differences I think that these are more than what should be required from the management accountant. He should not be responsible for the detailed findings within the organisation but have to control the overall strategic position of the organisation along with the relevant reporting. There are two important tasks that are neglected in the roles that a management accountant plays in coke. The two tasks are the preparation of sustainability reports and environmental reports. Ideally, reporting on sustainability is integrated into a single integrated report that communicates every aspect of a companys performance. Effective sustainability reporting is a powerful part of communicating with stakeholders about how you are performing against your objectives. Companies that embrace this are likely to have an advantage over their competitors and boost value for shareholders. However, it can be a significant challenge to make your sustainability information and reporting more reliable, efficient and effective for the benefit of both external stakeholders and internal management. Access to information Management accountant in Coke has access to all the management accounting information in the company. Management accounting information is focused at internal managers and decision makers. Its intended use is to provide financial data relevant to a managers operations in an effort to make sound business decisions. Management accounting information comes in the form of financial ratios, budget forecasts, variance analysis and cost accounting. Without management accounting practices, making these decisions would be more like  gambling  and less of a science. Once the forecast models are built, the budget process can begin. The budget process allots capitalmoneyfor the future operations. Estimates of the future costs and liabilities are made. These dollar amounts are constructed from analyzing the past liability and cost trends. Al this budgeting information is accessible by management accountant within Coke. Ratio analysis is completed at the end of each accounting periodmonthly, quarterly and annuallyto determine the companys ability to pay its long- and short-term debts. These rations demonstrate a companys solvency and liquidity. These same ratio analysis tools can be used to determine a companys effective use of inventory and raw material. This analysis tells the management accountant whether the company is operating within the overall guidelines that will promote profitability.   Managerial accountant in Coke than uses all of the accounting data available to make  decisions solid based on trends, facts and projects. These decisions are critical to the future of Coca-Cola Company. Effective managerial accounting takes much of the risk out of decision making and bases it more on fact. However, there is always financial risk in doing business. Analyzing past trends can create a clear  picture of  the future. Question 3 Planning control and decision making In Coke, planning and decision making is very systematic process. Company has to decide about different projects and graphical project planning techniques are used for planning controlling and deciding about different projects. In Coke, projects that involve more than one person and/or more than one step pose the following questions: ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢ What tasks need to be done to complete the project? ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢ When and in what order will these tasks be done? ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢ Who will do each task? ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢ What are the intermediate deadlines (e.g., status reports), and what will be done by these deadlines? To answer these questions, additional issues arise, such as: ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢ How long will each task take? ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢ What dependencies exist between tasks? ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢ Who has the knowledge/skill/time to do each task? ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢ What external constraints exist (e.g., time to order parts)? The Gantt, PERT, and CPM charts describe the answers to these questions in time oriented diagrams. In all cases, the task is the basic unit of interest. In this context, a task is some significant activity the group will need to perform to accomplish its goals. Note that the group will have goals that include the project itself as well as presentations, reports, proposals, etc. Tasks are given: ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢ A name/description (typically, verb-noun, as in design control board or research literature) ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢ An estimate of the amount of calendar time required ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢ A list of other tasks (if any) that must be completed before this task can begin (or end)-i.e., dependencies. Other task attributes can be added if desired, such as time required in person-hours and other resources required (e.g., financial, special skills, special equipment). Besides tasks, other information is required, such as: ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢ The overall project start/end dates ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢ Other deadlines or milestones (e.g., reports, etc.) ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢ Factors affecting time available (e.g., holidays, breaks, other classes, presentations, etc.) Now the three methods (Gantt, PERT, CPM) will be described. Following that, a cookbook approach to the creation of a Gantt chart will be presented. Gantt The Gantt chart was invented in the early 1900s by Henry L. Gantt, an American engineer and social scientist. The horizontal axis is (linear) time; each task is given its own horizontal band where the calendar duration of the task is indicated by a box, line, or other object with a variable horizontal dimension. Tasks are often grouped into categories, and each category can be treated as a summary task whose duration spans all the tasks within that category. Tasks are generally listed from top to bottom in the order they will occur; if there are groups of tasks, the tasks are chronological (by starting date) within a group, and the groups ordered by starting date. The horizontal axis has a resolution appropriate to the type of tasks; a resolution of one day is useful for most projects. Note that if significant work is not expected to be done on weekends, these should be omitted from the chart, otherwise tasks will have their durations distorted if they straddle days when no work is likely. A vertical line is usually placed on the chart to show the current date. Other important milestones can be noted (and labelled) with dotted vertical lines at the appropriate dates. The advantages of the Gantt chart are: ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢ Time is explicit (and linear) ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢ All tasks visible in relationship to others ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢ Deadlines are shown ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢ Project status at intermediate times is shown ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢ can show progress by filling in task boxes The unmodified Gantt chart has the following shortcomings: ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢ Tasks might not be associated with people (solution: tag tasks with the initials of the people responsible) ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢ Person-hours are not indicated, only calendar time (solution: note person-hours near the task box) ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢ Dependencies are not explicit (solution: imply dependencies by ordering tasks, or use extra lines and arrows) ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢ No summary of the load on a person (solution: create an additional set of horizontal task lines for each person, showing what tasks they are working on when) ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢ Other resources not shown (e.g., financial) (solution: note resources in description or near task box) ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢ Critical paths are not explicit (solution: use highlighting or other graphical means to indicate the sequence of tasks along the critical path) ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢ does not record difference between original plan and actual (solution: enhance the task box to show two different durations-an upper (actual) and lower (estimated)) PERT A few of the shortcomings of the Gantt chart are solved in the PERT chart (Program Evaluation and Review Technique). The PERT chart uses a connected series of nodes to make explicit dependencies between tasks. In addition, the order of tasks is given by the flow of the connections left to right, but the horizontal axis is not necessarily linear in time. The PERT chart can be more compact than the Gantt, but does so at the cost of a linear time scale. The time resources required by a task are given numerically, rather than appearing graphically (i.e., horizontal dimension) as in the Gantt chart; this may make it harder to quickly see what areas are using the most time resources. CPM The CPM (Critical Path Management) chart is similar to the PERT chart but includes an explicit indication of the critical path-that sequence of tasks that defines the minimum amount of time for the project. Put another way, these are the tasks that a delay within will delay the entire project. One or more sequences of such tasks always exist; the CPM chart makes these paths (usually just one) explicit. Otherwise, CPM shares the same strengths and weaknesses as the PERT, and the two are often lumped together as one technique. For complex, time-critical projects, the CPM/PERT charts might be useful in providing a clear indication of the critical sequences of tasks necessary to keep the project on schedule. However, the Gantt chart-especially when augmented by notations to show dependencies-is easier to produce and update, and is a good all-around project planning tool. A Cookbook Approach for the Gantt chart What follows is one way of creating a Gantt chart. 1. List all known milestones, deadlines, and deliverables (papers, presentations, etc.) 2. List all outside constraints on time (holidays, exams, etc.), money, equipment, etc. 3. Create a list of tasks brainstorm a list of as many possible tasks for the project as possible (Brainstorming: In a set amount of time, say 5 minutes, the group lists as many ideas as possible without criticizing them. Some will be useless; the idea here is to get as many different possibilities out as possible. Some might be tasks; others might be general categories of tasks.) Group these brainstormed tasks into categories (e.g., documentation, software, etc.). Some elimination of ideas can be done at this point. review each category and brainstorm additions within the category 4. Because these tasks have been brainstormed, go back and eliminate any tasks that are not significant or relevant. 5. for each task in the list time (in person-hours, then estimate calendar) dependencies (other tasks) resources (money, parts, equipment) (Note-the procurement of parts, equipment, and even expertise/knowledge might be a task in itself.) who will be doing it (perhaps a function of required knowledge/skill, or time) 6. Organize the task groups by starting date (or other logical and consistent criteria), and tasks within groups by starting date Note: You might find it useful to list each task on a small Post-It note so you can create a large scale version before working on the computer. 7. Use Excel or other tool to create the Gantt chart Remember to include only working days on the time axis Significant (and possibly recurring) milestones or deadlines can be shown as tasks (of minimal duration), as vertical lines at the appropriate date, or on the time axis. Provide a table of symbols or any other necessary information to interpret the chart Always show the current date as a vertical line; note the last revision date of the chart as well somewhere on the chart PERT and CPM charts may require either special software or more flexible software like diagramming/paint programs. Choose a chart type and method of creating the chart such that you can easily update the chart for your progress reports and even weekly meetings. Alternative Approach Coke can also make use of Logical Framework Approach (LFA), a highly structured and systematic method of analysing problems and defining objectives (which includes the problem and objective trees, explained in the previous section) and then of selecting and organizing the relevant activities for reaching the objectives, following a strict logical order. For each programme, the LFA should normally result in the production of a Logical Framework Matrix (LFM), also called a Log Frame, which summarizes the programme in a limited number of columns and rows and can be accompanied by more detailed work plans or activity schedules. (Handbook on Planning, 2009)